I kēlā me kēia kaʻa hou, tractor a me nā kaʻa ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau mīkini kukui - nā kukui.E heluhelu e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke kukui kaʻa, he aha nā ʻano o nā kukui a pehea e hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai, pehea e koho ai a hana i nā kukui o nā ʻano like ʻole - heluhelu i kēia ʻatikala.
He aha ke kukui kaʻa?
ʻO ke kukui kaʻa he mea uila uila, kahi kumu kukui hana e hoʻololi ʻia ai ka ikehu uila i ka uila uila ma kekahi ala a i ʻole.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kukui kaʻa e hoʻoponopono i kekahi mau pilikia:
• Ka hoʻomālamalamaʻana o ke alanui a me nā wahi a puni i ka pōʻeleʻele a iʻole i nā kūlana i lawaʻole kaʻike (ka noe, ka ua, kaʻino lepo) - nā kukui, nā kukui noe, nā kukui hulina a me nā kukui hulina;
• Nā kukui hoʻolaha palekana alanui - nā kuhikuhi kuhikuhi, nā kukui kaʻa, ka hōʻailona hoʻohuli, nā kukui e holo ana i ke ao, ka mālamalama o ka pā laikini hope, nā kukui noe hope;
• Alarm e pili ana i ke kūlana o ke kaʻa, kona mau ʻāpana a me nā hui - hōʻailona a me nā kukui hoʻomalu ma ka dashboard;
• Ke kukui o loko - loko o ke kaʻa, keʻena mīkini, keʻena ukana;
• Nā kukui uila - nā kukui lawe mamao a me nā mea ʻē aʻe;
• Tuning a modernization o nā kaʻa - decorative kukui kukui.
No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēlā me kēia pilikia, hoʻohana ʻia nā kukui a me nā kumu kukui ʻē aʻe (LED) o nā hoʻolālā like ʻole a me nā ʻano.No ke koho pono ʻana i ke kukui, pono mua ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i kā lākou mau ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona.
Nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o nā kukui automotive
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kukui automotive i nā ʻano a me nā ʻano e like me ke kumu kumu kino, nā ʻano a me ke kumu.
E like me ke kumu kino o ka hana, ua māhele ʻia nā kukui i nā ʻano aʻe:
• Nā kukui kukui;
• Xenon gas-discharge (arc, xenon-metal halide);
• Nā kukui kukui kinoea (neon a hoʻopiha ʻia me nā kinoea inert ʻē aʻe);
• Nā kukui uila;
• Nā kumu kukui Semiconductor - LED.
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻano o nā kukui i wehewehe ʻia kona mau hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā a me ke kumu o ka hana.
Nā kukui kukui.ʻO ke kumu kukui he filament tungsten i hoʻomehana ʻia i kahi wela kiʻekiʻe, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi ipu aniani.Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha filament (hui ʻia nā kukui kukui haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe), ʻekolu mau ʻano:
• Vacuum - hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ea mai loko mai o ka ipu, no laila ʻaʻole e oxidize ka filament i ka wā i wela ai;
• Hoʻopiha ʻia me ke kinoea inert - ʻo ka nitrogen, argon a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o ia mau mea e paila ʻia i loko o ka ipu;
• Halogen - i loko o ka puʻupuʻu kahi hui o nā mahu halogen o iodine a me ka bromine, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana o ke kukui a me kona mau ʻano.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kukui uila i kēia lā i nā panela mea kani, i ka hoʻomālamalama, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Hoʻohana ʻia nā kukui halogen i nā kukui kukui.
Nā kukui Xenon.ʻO kēia nā kukui arc uila, aia ʻelua mau electrodes i loko o ka puʻupuʻu, a ma waena kahi e wela ai ke ahi uila.Hoʻopiha ʻia ka pahu me ka gas xenon, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻano pono o ke kukui.Aia nā kukui xenon a me bi-xenon, ua like lākou me nā kukui me nā filament ʻelua no ke kukui haʻahaʻa a me ke kiʻekiʻe.
Nā kukui kukui kinoea.Ke hoʻohana nei kēia mau kukui i ka hiki o nā kinoea inert (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon) e hoʻokuʻu i ka mālamalama i ka wā e hele ai ka hoʻokuʻu uila ma o lākou.ʻO nā kukui neon i hoʻohana nui ʻia he ʻalani, hāʻawi nā kukui argon i ka ʻulaʻula poni, hāʻawi nā kukui krypton i ka ʻulaʻula uliuli.
Nā kukui uila.I loko o kēia mau kukui, hoʻokuʻu ka mālamalama i kahi uhi kūikawā i loko o ka pā - he phosphor.Hoʻomaka kēia uhi ma muli o ka absorption o ka ikehu, i ke ʻano o ke kukui ultraviolet i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka mercury vapor i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka uila ma o lākou.
Nā kukui LED.ʻO kēia nā mea semiconductor (light-emitting diodes) kahi e puka mai ai ka radiation optical ma muli o nā hopena quantum i ka junction pn (ma kahi o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā semiconductor o nā waiwai like ʻole).ʻO LED, ʻaʻole like me ka hapa nui o nā kumu kukui ʻē aʻe, he kumu kumu ia o ka radiation.
Loaʻa i nā kukui o nā ʻano like ʻole kekahi mau noi:
• ʻO nā kukui kukui ka mea maʻalahi loa, i kēia lā ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou no nā kukui poʻo, nā alalohi, i loko o ke keʻena, e like me ka mana a me nā kukui hōʻailona ma nā dashboards, etc.;
• Xenon - ma ke kukui poʻo wale nō;
• Nā kukui kinoea - nā kukui neon ma ke ʻano he mau kukui hōʻailona a me nā kukui hoʻomalu (kakaʻikahi ka hoʻohana ʻia i kēia lā), neon a me nā paipu kinoea ʻē aʻe no ke kukui hoʻonaninani;
• ʻO Fluorescent - ma ke ʻano he salon (kakaʻikahi) a me nā kumu kukui mamao no ka ulia pōpilikia, hoʻoponopono, etc.;
• ʻO nā LED nā kumu kukui ākea āpau i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia mau lā i nā kukui poʻo, no ka hōʻailona māmā, e like me nā kukui e holo ana i ke ao, ma nā panela mea kani.
ʻAno kukui LED ʻano H4
ʻO nā kukui kaʻa he mau hiʻohiʻona nui:
• Hoʻolako uila - 6, 12 a me 24 V, kēlā me kēia no nā kaʻa kaʻa, nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa;
• ʻO ka mana uila - ʻo ka mana e hoʻopau ʻia e ke kukui maʻamau mai ka hapaʻumi o ka watt (nā hōʻailona a me nā kukui hoʻomalu) a hiki i nā ʻumi mau watts (nā kukui kukui).ʻO ka maʻamau, nā kukui kaʻa, nā kukui a me nā kuhikuhi kuhikuhi i ka mana o 4-5 watts, nā kukui poʻo - mai 35 a 70 watts, e pili ana i ke ʻano (nā kukui incandescent - 45-50 watts, nā kukui halogen - 60-65 watts, xenon nā kukui - a hiki i 75 watts a ʻoi aku paha);
• 'Olinolino - ua ana ka mana o ka luminous flux i hanaia e ke kukui ma na lumens (Lm).Hoʻokumu nā kukui incandescent maʻamau i ka luminous flux a hiki i 550-600 Lm, nā kukui halogen o ka mana like - 1300-2100 Lm, nā kukui xenon - a hiki i 3200 Lm, nā kukui LED - 20-500 Lm;
• ʻO ka mahana kala kahi ʻano o ke kala o ke kukui kukui, i hōʻike ʻia ma nā degere Kelvin.ʻO nā kukui kukui he 2200-2800 K, nā kukui halogen - 3000-3200 K, nā kukui xenon - 4000-5000 K, nā kukui LED - 4000-6000 K. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kala kala, ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke kukui.
Ma kahi kaʻawale, ʻelua pūʻulu o nā kukui e like me ka spectrum radiation:
• Nā kukui maʻamau - loaʻa kahi puʻupuʻu o ke aniani maʻamau, emit ma kahi ākea ākea (ma nā ʻāpana optical a kokoke i ka ultraviolet a me ka infrared);
• Me kahi kānana ultraviolet - loaʻa i kahi ipu i hana ʻia me ke aniani quartz, kahi e mālama ai i ka radiation ultraviolet.Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau kukui i nā kukui me kahi diffuser i hana ʻia me ka polycarbonate a i ʻole nā palapala ʻē aʻe, e nalowale ana ko lākou mau ʻano a luku ʻia e ka radiation UV.
Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi nā hiʻohiʻona i luna i ke kohoʻana i nā kukui e like me ko lākou hoʻolālā a me keʻano o ke kumu, pono e'ōleloʻia i nā kiko'ī.
Nā ʻano o nā pāpale, ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kukui automotive
I kēia lā, hoʻohana ʻia nā kukui me nā ʻano kumu like ʻole, akā ua māhele ʻia lākou āpau i ʻelua mau pūʻulu nui:
• ʻEulopa - nā kukui i hana ʻia e like me ka UNECE Regulation No.
• ʻAmelika - nā kukui i hana ʻia e like me nā kānāwai NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), kekahi mau ʻano kukui he mau hoa Europa.
Ma waho o ka hui, hiki i nā kukui ke loaʻa nā kumu o kēia mau ʻano:
• Flanged - ke kumu he flange kaohi, hana ʻia ka pilina uila e nā pilina palahalaha;
• Pin - ua hanaʻia ke kumu ma keʻano o ke kīʻaha metala meʻelua aʻekolu mau pine no ka hoʻopaʻaʻana i ka pahu pahu;
• Me ka'ilika (base rectangular) - nā kukui flanged me kahi'ilika me kahi mea hoʻohui i hoʻohuiʻia.Hiki ke loaʻa ka mea hoʻohui ma ka ʻaoʻao a i ʻole ma lalo (coaxial);
• Me kahi kumu aniani - ʻo ke kumu kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻōmole aniani, ua kūʻai ʻia nā mea hoʻopili uila ma kona ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa;
• Me ka pāpale aniani a me ka'ilika'ilika - kahi'ilika'ilika me ka'ole a i'ole ka mea ho'ohui i loa'a ma ka'ao'ao o ka pāpale (i kēia hihia, e hele nā mea ho'opili mai ka pāpale ma nā puka o ka pahu);
• Soffit (ʻelua-hoʻokumu) - nā kukui cylindrical me nā kumu i loaʻa ma nā wēlau, aia kēlā me kēia pahu o ka spiral i kona kumu ponoʻī.
I ka manawa like, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kukui me nā ʻano kumu like ʻole i nā hui e like me kā lākou kumu:
• Pūʻulu 1 - me ka palena ʻole - nā kukui kukui haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe, nā kukui fog, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. (S2 a me S3 no nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā moped, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe);
• Pūʻulu 2 - nā kukui hoʻolaha, nā kukui hoʻohuli, nā kukui hoʻohuli, nā kukui kaʻa, nā kukui pā laikini, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. kekahi poe e ae;
• Pūʻulu 3 - nā kukui no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā huahana like i nā kaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia.Aia i loko o kēia pūʻulu nā kukui R2 (me ka puʻupuʻu poepoe, hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā kaʻa kahiko kahiko), S1 a me C21W;
• Nā kukui hoʻokuʻu Xenon - aia kēia hui i nā kukui xenon i kaha ʻia D.
Nā ʻano kaʻakukui
nā pāpaleHoʻohana i nā ʻano nui o nā kukui kaʻa
ʻElua ʻano o nā kukui Group 1 i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kukui:
• Me hoʻokahi filament (a i ʻole hoʻokahi arc ma ke ʻano o ke kukui xenon) - hoʻohana wale ʻia ma ke ʻano he kukui ʻūlū a kiʻekiʻe paha.I nā mea hana kaola hele, uhi ʻia ka filament ma lalo e kahi pale i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i mea e kuhikuhi ʻia ai ka māmā māmā i ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka pahu kukui kukui;
• Me nā filament ʻelua - hoʻohana ʻia e like me ke kukui ʻū a me ke kukui kiʻekiʻe.I loko o kēia mau kukui, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā filament e kahi mamao i ka wā e hoʻokomo ʻia ai i ke kukui, aia ka filament kiʻekiʻe i ke kiko o ka reflector, a ʻo ka filament beam i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i waho o ka nānā ʻana, a ua pani ʻia ka filament beam i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai. lalo o ka pale.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo nui ʻia ʻaʻole like ke ʻano (ka helu) o ke kukui a me ke ʻano kumu.ʻOkoʻa nā hui like ʻole o nā kukui i ka hoʻolālā a loaʻa paha kahi kumu maʻamau, hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano kumu maʻamau i ke kiʻi.
ʻO ke koho kūpono a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hana o nā kukui kaʻa
Ke koho ʻana i nā kukui i loko o kahi kaʻa, pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o ke kukui, ke ʻano o kona kumu a me nā hiʻohiʻona uila - hāʻawi i ka volta a me ka mana.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi e kūʻai i nā kukui me nā hōʻailona like i loaʻa i nā mea kahiko - ma kēia ala e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ʻoe e kiʻi pololei i kāu mea e pono ai.Inā, no kekahi kumu a i ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki a makemake paha ke kūʻai aku i ke kukui like (no ka laʻana, ke hoʻololi nei i nā kukui incandescent maʻamau me nā LED), a laila pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ke ʻano o ke kumu a me nā hiʻohiʻona uila.
Ke koho ʻana i nā kukui no ke kukui poʻo, pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka mea hana kaʻa i hōʻike ʻia ma ka diffuser.No laila, no nā diffusers plastik (a aia ka hapa nui o lākou i kēia lā), pono ʻoe e kūʻai i nā kukui me kahi kānana ultraviolet - aneane pau nā kukui halogen i hana ʻia e like me ia.Eia kekahi, ma ka diffuser, hiki ke hōʻailona ʻia nā kukui kūpono a i ʻole ke ʻano o ko lākou ʻano (no ka laʻana, ka palapala "Halogen").ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kukui i ʻelua i loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o nā kukui ʻelua.
Ke kūʻai aku nei i nā kukui no nā kuhikuhi kuhikuhi a me nā mea hou, pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ke kala o kā lākou diffusers.Inā maopopo ka diffuser, a laila pono e koho i nā kukui me kahi ʻōpala o ka kala i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kala melemele (amber).Inā pena ʻia ka diffuser, a laila e loaʻa i ke kukui kahi ʻōpala māmā.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i kekahi ʻano kukui me kekahi (no ka laʻana, e kau i ke kukui amber ma kahi o ke kukui a i ʻole ke ʻano ʻē aʻe), no ka mea, he mau ʻano kumu like ʻole lākou a ʻaʻole hiki ke loli.
Pono e mālama i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā kukui, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kukui poʻo.Hiki iā ʻoe ke lawe i ke kukui ma ke kumu wale nō a hoʻohana i nā mīkina lima maʻemaʻe.ʻO ke koena o ka momona mai nā manamana lima a me ka lepo ma luna o ka puʻupuʻu e alakaʻi i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole - ua uhaki ʻia ke ʻano radiation o ke kukui a me nā ʻano, a ma muli o ka hoʻomehana ʻole ʻana, hiki i ke kukui ke haki a hāʻule ma hope o kekahi mau hola o ka hana.
Me ka koho kūpono a me ka hoʻololiʻana i nā kukui, e hoʻokō ke kaʻa i nā koi o nā kūlana a hāʻawi i ka hanaʻoluʻolu i nāʻano likeʻole.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-21-2023