No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana o nā mīkini hoʻopau i loko, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻāpana kūikawā - turbochargers.E heluhelu e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka turbocharger, he aha nā ʻano o kēia mau ʻāpana, pehea lākou i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai a ma ke ʻano o nā loina i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kā lākou hana, a me kā lākou mālama a hoʻoponopono ʻana, ma ka ʻatikala.
He aha ka turbocharger?
ʻO ka turbocharger ka mea nui o ka ʻōnaehana pressurization aggregate o nā mīkini hoʻopau i loko, kahi ʻāpana no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaomi i loko o ka ʻāpana intake o ka mīkini ma muli o ka ikehu o nā kinoea hoʻopau.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka turbocharger e hoʻonui i ka mana o kahi mīkini hoʻopau i loko me ka ʻole o ke keakea radical i kāna hoʻolālā.Hoʻonui kēia ʻāpana i ke kaomi ma ka ʻāpana komo o ka ʻenekini, e hāʻawi ana i ka nui o ka hui ʻana o ka wahie-ea i nā keʻena puhi.I kēia hihia, hiki ke puhi ʻia i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka nui o nā kinoea, e alakaʻi ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaomi ma ka piston a ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka torque a me nā ʻano mana engine.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi turbocharger hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻonui i ka mana mīkini e 20-50% me ka hoʻonui liʻiliʻi o kāna kumukūʻai (a me nā hoʻololi hou aʻe, hiki i ka ulu ʻana o ka mana ke hiki i 100-120%).Ma muli o ko lākou maʻalahi, hilinaʻi a me ka maikaʻi, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻōnaehana pressurization e pili ana i ka turbocharger ma nā ʻano kaʻa ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko.
Nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o nā turbocharger
I kēia lā, nui nā ʻano turbocharger, akā hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā hui e like me kā lākou kumu a me ka hoʻohana ʻana, ke ʻano o ka turbine i hoʻohana ʻia a me nā hana hou.
E like me ke kumu, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā turbocharger i kekahi mau ʻano:
• No nā ʻōnaehana kaomi hoʻokahi pae - hoʻokahi turbocharger no kēlā me kēia mīkini, a i ʻole ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā ʻāpana e hana ana ma kekahi mau cylinders;
• No nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonui a me nā moʻo-parallel inflation (nā ʻano like ʻole o Twin Turbo) - ʻelua ʻāpana like ʻole a ʻokoʻa paha e hana ana ma kahi hui o nā cylinders;
• No nā ʻōnaehana pressurization ʻelua-pae, aia ʻelua turbocharger me nā ʻano like ʻole, e hana ana i nā pālua (sequentially hoʻokahi ma hope o kekahi) no kahi hui o nā cylinders.
ʻO ka mea nui i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo nā ʻōnaehana pressurization hoʻokahi pae i kūkulu ʻia ma ke kumu o kahi turbocharger hoʻokahi.Eia nō naʻe, ʻelua a ʻehā paha mau ʻāpana like o ia ʻōnaehana - no ka laʻana, ma nā ʻenekini V-like, hoʻohana ʻia nā turbochargers kaʻawale no kēlā me kēia lālani o nā cylinders, i nā ʻenekini multi-cylinder (ʻoi aku ma mua o 8) hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻehā turbochargers, kēlā me kēia. e hana ana ma 2, 4 a i ʻole nā cylinders.ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻōnaehana pressurization ʻelua-pae a me nā ʻano like ʻole o Twin-Turbo, hoʻohana lākou i ʻelua turbocharger me nā ʻano like ʻole e hiki ke hana i nā pālua.
E like me ka hoʻohana ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā turbocharger i kekahi mau pūʻulu:
• Ma ke ʻano ʻenekini - no ka ʻaila, diesel a me nā ʻāpana mana kinoea;
• Ma keʻano o ka nui o ka engine a me ka mana - no nā mana mana o ka mana liʻiliʻi, waena a kiʻekiʻe;no na enegini holo nui, etc.
Hiki ke hoʻolako ʻia nā Turbochargers me kekahi o ʻelua ʻano turbine:
• Radial (radial-axial, centripetal) - ua hānai ʻia ke kahe o nā kinoea hoʻopau i ka ʻaoʻao o ka impeller turbine, neʻe i kona kikowaena a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ke kuhikuhi axial;
• Axial - hāʻawi ʻia ke kahe o nā kinoea hoʻopau ma ke axis (i ke kikowaena) o ka impeller turbine a hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai kona ʻaoʻao.
I kēia lā, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana ʻelua, akā ma nā mīkini liʻiliʻi hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa pinepine i nā turbocharger me kahi turbine radial-axial, a ma nā mana mana ikaika, makemake ʻia nā turbine axial (ʻoiai ʻaʻole kēia ke kānāwai).Ma waho o ke ʻano o ka turbine, ua hoʻolako ʻia nā turbocharger āpau me kahi compressor centrifugal - i loko o ia mea ua hāʻawi ʻia ka ea i ke kikowaena o ka impeller a wehe ʻia mai kona ʻaoʻao.
Hiki i nā turbochargers hou ke loaʻa nā hana like ʻole:
• Hoʻokomo pālua - ʻelua mau mea hoʻokomo i ka turbine, loaʻa kēlā me kēia o lākou i nā kinoea hoʻopau mai hoʻokahi hui o nā cylinders, ʻo kēia hoʻonā e hoʻemi i ka hāʻule o ke kaomi i loko o ka ʻōnaehana a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻoikaika paʻa;
• Geometry hoʻololi - aia ka turbine i nā ʻāpana hiki ke hoʻoneʻe a i ʻole ke apo sliding, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i ke kahe o nā kinoea hoʻopau i ka impeller, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka turbocharger ma muli o ke ʻano hana ʻenekini.
ʻO ka hope, ʻokoʻa nā turbocharger i kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona hana a me nā hiki.ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui o kēia mau ʻāpana pono e hōʻike ʻia:
• ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka piʻiʻana o ke kaomi -ʻo ka lakio o ke ea ma ka puka o ka mea hoʻokomo i ka ea ma ka puka komo, aia ma ka laulā o 1.5-3;
• Hāʻawi ʻia ka compressor (ka ea ma o ka compressor) - ʻo ka nui o ka ea e hele ana i ka compressor i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka manawa (kekona) aia ma ka laulā o 0.5-2 kg / s;
• ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hana ʻana mai nā haneli (no nā locomotives diesel ikaika, ʻenehana a me nā ʻenekini diesel ʻē aʻe) a hiki i nā ʻumi tausani (no nā ʻenekini hoʻoikaika ʻia i kēia manawa) nā kipi i kēlā me kēia kekona. inā kiʻekiʻe ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana ma muli o nā ikaika centrifugal, hiki i ka huila ke hāʻule.I nā turbochargers hou, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā wahi kikoʻī o nā huila i ka wikiwiki o 500-600 a ʻoi aku paha m / s, ʻo ia hoʻi, 1.5-2 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka wikiwiki o ke kani, ʻo ia ke kumu o ke ʻano o ka whistle o ka turbine;
• ʻO ka hana / ka wela kiʻekiʻe o nā kinoea hoʻopau ma ke komo ʻana i ka turbine e waiho ana ma ka laulā o 650-700 ° C, i kekahi mau manawa a hiki i 1000 ° C;
'O ka pono o ka turbine / compressor ka mea maʻamau 0.7-0.8, i loko o hoʻokahi'āpana o ka pono o ka turbine he emi ma mua o ka pono o ka compressor.
Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa nā ʻāpana i ka nui, ʻano hoʻonohonoho, pono e hoʻohana i nā mea kōkua, etc.
Hoʻolālā Turbocharger
Ma keʻano laulā, ʻekolu mau mea nui ka turbocharger:
1.Turbine;
2.Compressor;
3.Bearing hale (hale waena).
ʻO ke kiʻikuhi maʻamau o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i loko o ka ea
ʻO ka turbine kahi ʻāpana e hoʻololi i ka ikehu kinetic o nā kinoea hoʻopau i ka ikehu mechanical (ma ka torque o ka huila), e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka hana o ka compressor.ʻO ka compressor kahi ʻāpana no ka puhi ʻana i ka ea.Hoʻopili ka hale bearing i nā ʻāpana ʻelua i kahi hale hoʻokahi, a ʻo ka rotor shaft aia i loko e hōʻoia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka torque mai ka huila turbine i ka huila compressor.
Māhele Turbocharger
He hoʻolālā like ka turbine a me ka compressor.ʻO ke kumu o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana ʻo ke kino cochlear, ma nā ʻaoʻao āpau a me nā ʻāpana waena o nā paipu no ka pili ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana pressurization.I ka compressor, aia ka paipu inlet i ke kikowaena, aia ka exhaust (discharge) ma ka ʻaoʻao.ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho like o nā paipu no nā turbines axial, no nā turbines radial-axial, ʻo kahi o nā paipu ke kū'ē (ma ka periphery - intake, ma ke kikowaena - exhaust).
Aia i loko o ka pahu kahi huila me nā lau o kahi ʻano kūikawā.ʻO nā huila ʻelua - turbine a me ka compressor - paʻa ʻia e kahi kumu maʻamau e hele ai i ka hale bearing.ʻO nā huila he paʻa a i ʻole ka huila, ʻo ke ʻano o nā huila turbine e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka ikehu kinoea hoʻopau, ʻo ke ʻano o nā huila compressor e hāʻawi i ka hopena centrifugal kiʻekiʻe.Hiki i nā turbine kiʻekiʻe o kēia wā ke hoʻohana i nā huila hui me nā lau seramika, he haʻahaʻa ke kaumaha a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana.ʻO ka nui o nā huila o nā turbocharger o nā kaʻa kaʻa he 50-180 mm, ka locomotive ikaika, ʻoihana a me nā mīkini diesel ʻē aʻe he 220-500 mm a ʻoi aku paha.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hale ʻelua ma ka hale bearing me nā bolts ma nā sila.Aia nā bearings maʻamau (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā bearings o kahi hoʻolālā kūikawā) a me nā O-rings ma ʻaneʻi.Aia nō hoʻi i loko o ka hale waena he mau ala ʻaila no ka lubricating i nā bearings a me ke kumu, a ma kekahi mau turbochargers a me ka lua o ka lole hoʻoluʻu wai.I ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana, pili ka ʻāpana i ka ʻenekini lubrication a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha.
Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻāpana kōkua like ʻole i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka turbocharger, me nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana recirculation gas exhaust, nā ʻaila ʻaila, nā mea no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka lubrication o nā ʻāpana a me kā lākou hoʻoluʻu, control valves, etc.
Hana ʻia nā ʻāpana Turbocharger i nā māka kila kūikawā, hoʻohana ʻia nā kila wela wela no ka huila turbine.Hoʻopili ponoʻia nā mea e like me ka coefficient o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka wela, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hilinaʻi o ka hoʻolālā i nāʻano hana likeʻole.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka turbocharger i loko o ka ʻōnaehana pressurization ea, e komo pū ana i ka intake a me ka exhaust manifolds, a i loko o nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī - kahi intercooler (charge air cooling radiator), nā ʻāpana like ʻole, nā mea ʻike, nā damper a me nā pipeline.
ʻO ke kumu o ka hana o ka turbocharger
ʻO ka hana o ka turbocharger e iho mai i nā kumu maʻalahi.Hoʻokomo ʻia ka turbine o ka ʻāpana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana exhaust o ka mīkini, ka compressor - i loko o ka ʻāpana intake.I ka wā o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻenekini, komo nā kinoea hoʻopau i ka turbine, paʻi i nā ʻili huila, hāʻawi iā ia i kekahi o kona ikehu kinetic a hoʻohuli ʻia.Hoʻouna pololei ʻia ka torque mai ka turbine i nā huila compressor ma o ke kumu.I ka wā e wili ai, hoʻolei ka huila compressor i ka ea i ka ʻaoʻao, e hoʻonui ana i kona kaomi - hāʻawi ʻia kēia ea i ka intake manifold.
ʻO kahi turbocharger hoʻokahi he nui nā hemahema, ʻo ka mea nui ʻo ia ka turbo lohi a i ʻole ka lua turbo.ʻO nā huila o ka hui he nuipa a me kekahi inertia, no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke wili koke i ka wā e piʻi ai ka wikiwiki o ka mana.No laila, ke kaomi ikaika ʻoe i ka pedal kinoea, ʻaʻole e wikiwiki koke ka ʻenekini turbocharged - aia kahi hoʻomaha pōkole, ʻaʻohe mana.ʻO ka hoʻonā ʻana i kēia pilikia ʻo nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele turbine kūikawā, nā turbocharger me nā geometry variable, series-parallel a me nā ʻōnaehana pressurization ʻelua, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ke kumu o ka hana o ka turbocharger
Nā pilikia o ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā turbocharger
Pono ka turbocharger i ka mālama liʻiliʻi.ʻO ka mea nui e hoʻololi i ka ʻaila mīkini a me ka kānana aila i ka manawa.Inā hiki ke holo ka ʻenekini ma luna o ka aila kahiko no kekahi manawa, a laila hiki ke lilo i mea make no ka turbocharger - ʻo ka emi iki ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka lubricant i nā haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe hiki ke alakaʻi i ka jamming a me ka luku ʻana i ka ʻāpana.Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe pinepine i nā ʻāpana turbine mai nā waihona kalapona, kahi e koi ai i kāna disassembly, akā pono e hana ʻia kēia hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana kūikawā a me nā mea hana.
ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka turbocharger hewa i ka hapanui o nā hihia ma mua o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana.No ka hoʻololi, pono e hoʻohana i kahi ʻāpana o ke ʻano like a me ke ʻano hoʻohālike i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka mīkini ma mua.ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi turbocharger me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hana o ka mana.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ke koho, hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka ʻāpana i nā loea - hōʻoia kēia i ka hoʻokō pono o ka hana a me ka hana maʻamau o ka mīkini.Me ka hoʻololi kūpono o ka turbocharger, e loaʻa hou ka mīkini i ka mana kiʻekiʻe a hiki iā ia ke hoʻoponopono i nā hana paʻakikī loa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-21-2023